How Makeup Was Made In The Old Days

History of cosmetics in cultures

The history of cosmetics spans at least 7,000 years and is present in well-nigh every society on earth. Cosmetic body art is argued to have been the earliest form of a ritual in human culture. The evidence for this comes in the form of utilised red mineral pigments (red ochre) including crayons associated with the emergence of Man sapiens in Africa.^{[ane] [2] [iii] [4] [5] [half-dozen]} Cosmetics are mentioned in the Onetime Testament—two Kings 9:30 where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and the book of Esther describes diverse beauty treatments equally well.

Cosmetics were likewise used in ancient Rome, although much of Roman literature suggests that it was frowned upon. Information technology is known that some women in ancient Rome invented make up including atomic number 82-based formulas, to whiten the skin, and kohl to line the eyes.^[vii]

Beyond the globe [edit]

North Africa [edit]

Egypt [edit]

Ane of the primeval cultures to use cosmetics was ancient Arab republic of egypt, where both Egyptian men and women used makeup to enhance their appearance. The use of cosmetics in Ancient Arab republic of egypt is well documented. Kohl has its roots in north Africa. The apply of blackness kohl eyeliner and eyeshadows in dark colours such equally blue, red, and black was common, and was unremarkably recorded and represented in Egyptian fine art, besides as existence seen in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Ancient Egyptians too extracted red dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite,^{[ vague ]} but this dye resulted in serious illness. Lipsticks with shimmering furnishings were initially made using a pearlescent substance found in fish scales, which are notwithstanding used extensively today.^[8] Despite the hazardous nature of some Egyptian cosmetics, aboriginal Egyptian makeup was too thought to have antibacterial properties that helped foreclose infections.^[ix] Remedies to treat wrinkles contained ingredients such as glue of frankincense and fresh moringa. For scars and burns, a special ointment was fabricated of red ochre, kohl, and sycamore juice. An alternative handling was a poultice of carob grounds and honey, or an ointment made of knotgrass and powdered root of wormwood. To better breath the ancient Africans chewed herbs or frankincense which is still in employ today. Jars of what could be compared with setting lotion have been establish to contain a mixture of beeswax and resin. These doubled as remedies for problems such as baldness and greying hair. They also used these products on their mummies, because they believed that information technology would make them irresistible in the afterwards life.

Middle E [edit]

Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament, such every bit in 2 Kings 9:30, where the biblical figure Jezebel painted her eyelids (approximately 840 BC). Cosmetics are also mentioned in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described.

Asia [edit]

China [edit]

Flowers play an important decorative part in China. Legend has it that once on the 7th 24-hour interval of the 1st lunar month, while Princess Shouyang, daughter of Emperor Wu of Liu Song, was resting nether the eaves of Hanzhang Palace near the plum trees after wandering in the gardens, a plum blossom drifted downwards onto her fair face, leaving a floral banner on her forehead that enhanced her beauty farther.^{[10] [11] [12]} The court ladies were said to be and so impressed, that they started decorating their own foreheads with a small delicate plum blossom blueprint.^{[x] [11] [13]} This is also the mythical origin of the floral way, meihua zhuang ^[11] (梅花妝; literally "plum blossom makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became pop amidst ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties.^{[13] [xiv]}

Mongolia [edit]

Women of royal families painted blood-red spots on the center of their cheeks, right under their optics. Even so, it is a mystery why. They said that red cheeks are a reason of happy queen.^{[ citation needed ]}

Japan [edit]

A maiko in the Gion district of Kyoto, Japan, in total make-upwards. The style of the lipstick indicates that she is however new.

In Nihon, geisha wore lipstick made of crushed safflower petals to pigment the eyebrows and edges of the eyes also as the lips, and sticks of bintsuke wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers' hair wax, were used by geisha every bit a makeup base of operations. Rice powder colors the face and back; rouge contours the center socket and defines the nose.^{[fifteen] [ unreliable source? ]} Ohaguro (black pigment) colours the teeth for the ceremony, called Erikae, when maiko (apprentice geisha) graduate and go independent. The geisha would also sometimes use bird droppings to compile a lighter color.

Western Asia [edit]

Cosmetics were used in Persia and what today is Islamic republic of iran from aboriginal periods.^{[ citation needed ]} Kohl is a black powder that is used widely across the Farsi Empire. It is used equally a pulverisation or smeared to darken the edges of the eyelids similar to eyeliner.^[16] After Western farsi tribes converted to Islam and conquered those areas, in some areas cosmetics were only restricted if they were to disguise the real look in order to mislead or crusade uncontrolled desire.^{[ citation needed ]} In Islamic constabulary, despite these requirements, at that place is no accented prohibition on wearing cosmetics; the cosmetics must not be made of substances that harm one's trunk.

An early teacher in the 10th century was Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, or Abulcasis, who wrote the 24-volume medical encyclopedia Al-Tasrif. A chapter of the 19th volume was dedicated to cosmetics. Every bit the treatise was translated into Latin, the corrective affiliate was used in the West. Al-Zahrawi considered cosmetics a branch of medicine, which he called "Medicine of Beauty" (Adwiyat al-Zinah). He deals with perfumes, scented aromatics and incense. There were perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, perhaps the primeval antecedents of nowadays-day lipsticks and solid deodorants. He also used oily substances called Adhan for medication and adornment.^{[ citation needed ]}

Europe [edit]

Cultures to apply cosmetics include the aboriginal Greeks ^{[five] [half dozen]} and the Romans. In the Roman Empire, the utilise of cosmetics was common amongst prostitutes and rich women. Such adornment was sometimes lamented by sure Roman writers, who idea information technology to be against the castitas required of women past what they considered traditional Roman values; and later past Christian writers who expressed similar sentiments in a slightly different context. Pliny the Elder mentioned cosmetics in his Naturalis Historia, and Ovid wrote a book on the topic.

Pale faces were a trend during the European Middle Ages. In the 16th century, women would bleed themselves to achieve pale skin. Spanish prostitutes wore pink makeup to contrast pale peel.^{[ citation needed ]} 13th century Italian women wore red lipstick to evidence that they were upper class.^[17] Use of cosmetics continued in Center Ages, where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged;^[18] during the later 16th century in the Due west, the personal attributes of the women who used makeup created a demand for the production among the upper class.^{[ vague ] [eighteen]} Cosmetics continued to exist used in the following centuries, though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time, with the use of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. In the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly declared makeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for employ by actors,^[19] with many famous actresses of the fourth dimension, such every bit Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry using makeup.

19th-century style ideals of women appearing fragile, feminine and pale were achieved by some through the use of makeup, with some women discreetly using rouge on their cheeks and drops of belladonna to dilate their eyes to appear larger. Though cosmetics were used discreetly by many women, makeup in Western cultures during this time was by and large frowned upon, particularly during the 1870s, when Western social etiquette increased in rigidity. Teachers and clergy were specifically forbidden from the use of cosmetic products.

Americas and Commonwealth of australia [edit]

Some Native American tribes painted their faces for formalism events or battle.^{[ citation needed ]} Like practices were followed by Aboriginals in Australia.

The examples and perspective in this commodity bargain primarily with the United States and practice not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new commodity, equally appropriate. (Nov 2017) (Larn how and when to remove this template message)

19th century [edit]

During the late 1800s, the Western cosmetics manufacture began to abound due to a rise in "visual self-awareness," a shift in the perception of color cosmetics, and improvements in the condom of products.^[xx] Prior to the 19th century, limitations in lighting technology and access to cogitating devices stifled people's ability to regularly perceive their appearance. This, in turn, limited the demand for a cosmetic market and resulted in individuals creating and applying their own products at habitation. Several technological advancements in the latter half of the century, including the innovation of mirrors, commercial photography, marketing and electricity in the abode and in public, increased consciousness of one's appearance and created a demand for corrective products that improved i's image.^[20]

Face powders, rouges, lipstick and similar products made from abode were institute to have toxic ingredients, which deterred customers from their use. Discoveries of non-toxic cosmetic ingredients, such equally Henry Tetlow'south 1866 use of zinc oxide as a face pulverization, and the distribution of corrective products by established companies such as Rimmel, Guerlain, and Hudnut helped popularize cosmetics to the broader public.^[xx] Skincare, along with "face painting" products like powders, as well became in-demand products of the cosmetics industry. The mass advertisements of cold cream brands such every bit Pond's through billboards, magazines, and newspapers created a high demand for the product. These advert and cosmetic marketing styles were soon replicated in European countries, which further increased the popularity of the advertised products in Europe.^[20]

20th century [edit]

Audience applying makeup at lecture past beautician in Los Angeles, c. 1950.

During the early 1900s, makeup was not excessively popular. In fact, women hardly wore makeup at all. Make-upward at this time was however mostly the territory of prostitutes, those in cabarets and on the black & white screen.^[21] Face enameling (applying actual paint to the face) became popular among the rich at this time in an attempt to look paler. This exercise was dangerous due to the chief ingredient often beingness arsenic.^[22] Pale skin was associated with wealth because information technology meant that one was not out working in the sun and could afford to stay inside all day. Cosmetics were then unpopular that they could not be bought in department stores; they could only exist bought at theatrical costume stores. A adult female'due south "makeup routine" frequently simply consisted of using papier poudré, a powdered newspaper/oil blotting canvas, to whiten the nose in the winter and polish their cheeks in the summer. Rouge was considered provocative, so was just seen on "women of the nighttime." Some women used burnt matchsticks to darken eyelashes, and geranium and poppy petals to stain the lips.^[22] Vaseline became high in demand because it was used on chapped lips, as a base for pilus tonic, and soap.^[22] Toilet waters were introduced in the early 1900s, simply only lavender h2o or refined cologne was admissible for women to wear.^[23] Cosmetic deodorant was invented in 1888, past an unknown inventor from Philadelphia and was trademarked under the proper name "Mum". Scroll-on deodorant was launched in 1952, and aerosol deodorant in 1965.

Around 1910, make-upward became fashionable in the U.s.a. of America and Europe owing to the influence of ballet and theatre stars such as Mathilde Kschessinska and Sarah Bernhardt. Colored makeup was introduced in Paris upon the arrival of the Russian Ballet in 1910, where ochers and crimsons were the almost typical shades.^[24] The Daily Mirror dazzler volume showed that cosmetics were now adequate for the literate classes to article of clothing. With that said, men often saw rouge as a mark of sex activity and sin, and rouging was considered an admission of ugliness. In 1915, a Kansas legislature proposed to brand it a misdemeanor for women under the age of forty-four to wear cosmetics "for the purpose of creating a imitation impression."^[25] The Daily Mirror was one of the first to suggest using a pencil line (eyeliner) to elongate the eye and an eyelash curler to accentuate the lashes. Eyebrow darkener was likewise presented in this beauty volume, created from gum Standard arabic, Indian ink, and rosewater.^[26] George Burchett adult cosmetic tattooing during this time menses. He was able to tattoo on pink blushes, red lips, and dark eyebrows. He too was able to tattoo men disfigured in the First World State of war past inserting skin tones in damaged faces and by covering scars with colors more pleasing to the eye.^[27] Max Factor opened up a professional person makeup studio for stage and screen actors in Los Angeles in 1909.^[28] Even though his store was intended for actors, ordinary women came in to buy theatrical eye shadow and countenance pencils for their home use.

In the 1920s, the film manufacture in Hollywood had the most influential impact on cosmetics. Stars such as Theda Bara had a substantial effect on the makeup industry. Helena Rubinstein was Bara's makeup artist; she created mascara for the actress, relying on her experiments with kohl.^[29] Others who saw the opportunity for the mass-market of cosmetics during this time were Max Factor, Sr., and Elizabeth Arden. Many of the present day makeup manufacturers were established during the 1920s and 1930s. Lipsticks were one of the most popular cosmetics of this time, more than so than rouge and pulverization, because they were colorful and inexpensive. In 1915, Maurice Levy invented the metal container for lipstick, which gave license to its mass production.^[30] The Flapper style also influenced the cosmetics of the 1920s, which embraced night eyes, ruby-red lipstick, red boom shine, and the suntan, invented equally a fashion statement by Coco Chanel. The countenance pencil became vastly popular in the 1920s, in office because it was technologically superior to what it had been, due to a new ingredient: hydrogenated cottonseed oil (also the key constituent of another wonder product of that era Crisco Oil).^[31] The early on commercial mascaras, like Maybelline, were simply pressed cakes containing soap and pigments. A woman would dip a tiny brush into hot h2o, rub the beard on the cake, remove the excess past rolling the brush onto some blotting paper or a sponge, and then apply the mascara equally if her eyelashes were a watercolor canvas.^[31] Eugène Schueller, founder of L'Oréal, invented modern synthetic hair dye in 1907 and he also invented sunscreen in 1936.^[32] The first patent for a blast polish was granted in 1919. Its color was a very faint pinkish. It's not clear how dark this rose was, but any girl whose nails were tipped in any pink darker than a infant'due south blush risked gossip about existence "fast."^[31] Previously, only agricultural workers had sported suntans, while stylish women kept their skins as pale as possible. In the wake of Chanel's adoption of the suntan, dozens of new simulated tan products were produced to help both men and women achieve the "sun-kissed" look. In Asia, skin whitening continued to stand for the ideal of dazzler, as information technology does to this day.

In the fourth dimension catamenia after the First World War, there was a boom in cosmetic surgery. During the 1920s and 1930s, facial configuration and social identity dominated a plastic surgeon'due south world. Confront-lifts were performed every bit early on every bit 1920, but information technology wasn't until the 1960s when cosmetic surgery was used to reduce the signs of aging.^[33] During the twentieth century, corrective surgery mainly revolved around women. Men only participated in the practice if they had been disfigured by the state of war. Silicone implants were introduced in 1962. In the 1980s, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons made efforts to increase public awareness near plastic surgery. As a issue, in 1982, the Us Supreme Court granted physicians the legal right to advertise their procedures.^[34] The optimistic and simplified nature of narrative advertisements oft made the surgeries seem gamble-free, even though they were anything but. The American Gild for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery reported that more than two million Americans elected to undergo cosmetic procedures, both surgical and non-surgical, in 1998, liposuction beingness the well-nigh popular. Breast augmentations ranked 2d, while numbers three, four, and five went to eye surgery, face up-lifts, and chemical peels.^[33]

During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in skin bleaching in an try to lighten their complexion likewise every bit pilus straightening to appear whiter. Skin bleaches and hair straighteners created fortunes worth millions and accounted for a massive thirty to 50 pct of all advertisements in the black press of the decade.^[35] Oftentimes, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed past African American women themselves. Skin bleaches contained caustic chemicals such every bit hydroquinone, which suppressed the production of melanin in the skin. These bleaches could cause severe dermatitis and even death in loftier dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an individual'southward hazard. In the 1970s, at least v companies started producing brand-upward for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Blackness women were express. Confront makeup and lipstick did not work for dark skin types considering they were created for pale skin tones. These cosmetics that were created for stake skin tones only made dark skin announced grey. Eventually, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer skin tones, such as foundations and powders that provided a natural match. Pop companies like Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Fashion Off-white priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to reach out to the masses.^[36]

From 1939 to 1945, during the 2nd World State of war, cosmetics were in short supply.^[37] Petroleum and alcohol, basic ingredients of many cosmetics, were diverted into war supply. Ironically, at this time when they were restricted, lipstick, pulverisation, and face cream were most desirable and most experimentation was carried out for the post war menstruation. Cosmetic developers realized that the war would result in a phenomenal boom afterwards, so they began preparing. Yardley, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and the French manufacturing company became associated with "quality" subsequently the war because they were the oldest established. Pond's had this aforementioned appeal in the lower price range. Gala cosmetics were one of the first to requite its products fantasy names, such as the lipsticks in "lantern crimson" and "bounding main coral."^[38]

During the 1960s and 1970s, many women in the western world influenced past feminism decided to go without any cosmetics. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Liberty Trash Tin." This included cosmetics,^[39] which were amid items the protestors called "instruments of female torture"^[40] and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced femininity.

Cosmetics in the 1970s were divided into a "natural await" for day and a more sexualized image for evening. Non-allergic makeup appeared when the blank confront was in fashion equally women became more than interested in the chemical value of their makeup.^[41] Modern developments in engineering, such as the Loftier-shear mixer facilitated the production of cosmetics which were more natural looking and had greater staying power in article of clothing than their predecessors.^[42] The prime cosmetic of the fourth dimension was eye shadow, though; women also were interested in new lipstick colors such equally lilac, green, and silverish.^[43] These lipsticks were often mixed with pale pinks and whites, so women could create their own individual shades. "Blush-ons" came into the market place in this decade, with Revlon giving them wide publicity.^[43] This product was applied to the forehead, lower cheeks, and chin. Contouring and highlighting the face up with white eye shadow cream too became pop. Avon introduced the lady saleswoman.^[44] In fact, the whole cosmetic manufacture in general opened opportunities for women in business as entrepreneurs, inventors, manufacturers, distributors, and promoters.^[45]

21st century [edit]

Dazzler products are now widely available from defended internet-only retailers,^[46] who have more than recently been joined online by established outlets, including major section stores and traditional brick-and-mortar beauty retailers.

Similar most industries, corrective companies resist regulation by government agencies. In the U.S., the Nutrient and Drug Administration (FDA) does not corroborate or review cosmetics, although information technology does regulate the colors that can exist used in pilus dyes. Corrective companies are not required to report injuries resulting from use of their products.^[47]

Although mod makeup has been used mainly by women traditionally, gradually an increasing number of males are using cosmetics usually associated to women to enhance their own facial features. Concealer is commonly used by cosmetic-conscious men. Cosmetics brands are releasing corrective products especially tailored for men, and men are using such products more commonly.^[48] At that place is some controversy over this, however, as many feel that men who wear makeup are neglecting traditional gender roles, and do not view men wearing cosmetics in a positive light. Others, still, view this every bit a sign of increasing gender equality and feel that men also have the right to enhance their facial features with cosmetics if women practise.

Today the market of cosmetics has a different dynamic compared to the 20th century. Some countries are driving this economic system:

• Japan: Japan is the 2d largest market in the world. Regarding the growth of this market, cosmetics in Japan have entered a menses of stability. However, the market situation is quickly irresolute. Now consumers can access a lot of information on the Internet and cull many alternatives, opening up many opportunities for newcomers entering the market, looking for chances to run across the various needs of consumers. The size of the cosmetics market for 2010 was 2286 billion yen on the basis of the value of shipments by make manufacturer. With a growth rate of 0.1%, the market was almost unchanged from the previous yr.^[49]
• Russia: One of the most interesting emerging markets, the 5th largest in the earth in 2012, the Russian perfumery and cosmetics market has shown the highest growth of 21% since 2004, reaching US$13.5 billion.^{[ citation needed ]}

With the imposition of lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent wariness to return to salons, trends that imitate salon procedures started to emerge, such every bit more complicated home skin-care regimens, hair colour preserving products, and dazzler tools.^[50] Early on in the pandemic, sales on makeup essentials, like foundation and lipstick, decreased past upwards to 70% considering of quarantining and confront-roofing mandates.^[51]

Come across too [edit]

• Cosmetics
• Female cosmetic coalitions
• Ochre
• Prehistoric art
• Symbolic culture
• Blombos Cavern

References [edit]

1. ^ Power, Camilla (2010). "Cosmetics, identity and consciousness". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 17 (7–8): 73–94.
2. ^ Power, Camilla (2004). "Women in Prehistoric Fine art". In Berghaus, G. (ed.). New Perspectives in Prehistoric Fine art. Westport, CT & London: Praeger. pp. 75–104.
3. ^ Watts, Ian (2009). "Red ochre, body painting and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre". In Botha, Rudolf; Knight, Chris (eds.). The Cradle of Language. OUP Oxford. pp. 62–92. ISBN978-0-19-156767-4.
4. ^ Watts, Ian (1 September 2010). "The pigments from Pinnacle Bespeak Cave 13B, Western Cape, South Africa". Journal of Human being Evolution. 59 (3): 392–411. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.006. PMID 20934093.
5. ^ ^{a b} Adkins, Lesley & Adkins, Roy A. (1998). Handbook to life in Ancient Greece. Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0-19512-491-0. ^{[ page needed ]}
6. ^ ^{a b} Burlando, Bruno; Verotta, Luisella; Cornararara, Laura & Bottini-Massa, Elisa (2010). Herbal Principles in Cosmetics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN978-one-43981-213-six.
7. ^ Olson, Kelly (2009). "Cosmetics in Roman Antiquity: Substance, Remedy, Poison". Classical World. 102 (3): 291–310. doi:10.1353/clw.0.0098. JSTOR 40599851. Projection MUSE 266767.
8. ^ Johnson, Rita (1999). "What'due south That Stuff? Lipstick". Chemic & Engineering News. 77 (28): 31. doi:ten.1021/cen-v077n028.p031.
9. ^ Bhanoo, Sindya N. (18 Jan 2010). "Ancient Egypt'southward Toxic Makeup Fought Infection, Researchers Say". The New York Times.
10. ^ ^{a b} Cai, Zong-qi, ed. (2008). How to read Chinese poetry: A guided anthology. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 295. ISBN978-0-231-13941-0.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Wang, Betty. "Flower deities mark the lunar months with stories of Love & Tragedy". Taiwan Review. Regime Data Office, Commonwealth of China. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
12. ^ "Unknown". West & East 中美月刊. Sino-American Cultural and Economic Clan. 36–37: 9. 1991. ISSN 0043-3047. ^{[ dead link ]}
13. ^ ^{a b} Huo, Jianying. "Ancient Cosmetology". Cathay Today . Retrieved 8 Oct 2011.
14. ^ Mei, Hua (2011). Chinese clothing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN978-0-521-18689-half dozen. For example, the Huadian or brow ornament was said to have originated in the Southward Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early on jump and a lite cakewalk brought a plum bloom onto her forehead. The plum blossom for some reason could not be done off or removed in any way. Fortunately, it looked beautiful on her, and all of a sudden became all the rage among the girls of the commoners. It is therefore called the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum blossom makeup." This makeup was popular amid the women for a long time in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
15. ^ Graham-Diaz, Naomi (October 2001). "Make-Up of Geisha and Maiko". Immortal Geisha. Archived from the original on nine February 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
16. ^ Oumeish, Oumeish Youssef (July 2001). "The cultural and philosophical concepts of cosmetics in beauty and fine art through the medical history of mankind". Clinics in Dermatology. 19 (4): 375–386. doi:x.1016/s0738-081x(01)00194-viii. PMID 11535377.
17. ^ Madrano, Autumn (1999). "A Colorful History". InFlux. Academy of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication. Archived from the original on 17 Jan 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
18. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, pp. 41–42.
19. ^ Pallingston, Jessica (1998). Lipstick: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Cosmetic. New York Metropolis: St. Martin's Printing. ISBN978-0-312-19914-two.
20. ^ ^{a b c d} Jones, Geoffrey (2010). "How Exercise I Look?". Dazzler Imagined. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Printing. pp. 44–63. ISBN978-0-19955-649-6.
21. ^ Sava, Sanda (5 May 2016). "A History of Make-up & Fashion: 1900-1910". SandaSava.com . Retrieved nineteen May 2016.
22. ^ ^{a b c} Angeloglou 1970, p. 113.
23. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 114.
24. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 115.
25. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 55.
26. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 116.
27. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 117.
28. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 58.
29. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 119.
30. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 125.
31. ^ ^{a b c} Riordan, Teresa (2004). Inventing Beauty. New York City: Broadway Books. ISBN978-0-76791-451-2. ^{[ folio needed ]}
32. ^ "Eugène Schueller". L'Oréal.
33. ^ ^{a b} Haiken, Elizabeth (2000). "The Making of the Modern Confront: Cosmetic Surgery". Social Inquiry. 67 (one): 81–97. JSTOR 40971379. PMID 17099986.
34. ^ Lee, Shu-Yueh; Clark, Naeemah (2014). "The Normalization of Cosmetic Surgery in Women's Magazines from 1960 to 1989". Periodical of Magazine Media. 15 (i). doi:10.1353/jmm.2014.0014. Projection MUSE 773691.
35. ^ Dorman, Jacob Due south. (1 June 2011). "Pare bleach and culture: the racial formation of black in 1920s Harlem" (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. 4 (4): 47–81. Gale A306514735.
36. ^ "Modern Living: Blackness Cosmetics". TIME. 29 June 1970. Retrieved 9 Feb 2010.
37. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 127.
38. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 131.
39. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 6 (i): 127–149. doi:10.1353/rap.2003.0028. S2CID 143094250.
40. ^ Duffett, Judith (October 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. Vocalization of the Women'due south Liberation Movement. p. 4.
41. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 138.
42. ^ "Cosmetics and Personal Care Products". Charles Ross & Son Company . Retrieved seven June 2009.
43. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, p. 135.
44. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 137.
45. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 5.
46. ^ "Lessons from categorising the unabridged dazzler products sector (Role 1)". Dazzler At present. 27 September 2009. Archived from the original on ten October 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
47. ^ "Cosmetics and your wellness". Part on Women's Health. iv November 2004.
48. ^ "FDA Say-so Over Cosmetics". Centre for Food Safety and Applied Diet. three March 2005. Archived from the original on thirteen May 2009. Retrieved 23 Oct 2011.
49. ^ ""The Japanese cosmetics market is actively changing," Hajime Suzuki, Cosme Tokyo". Premium Dazzler News.
50. ^ "The dazzler trends customers are ownership during Covid-19". Vogue Business. ten August 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
51. ^ "Sleeping beauty halls: how Covid-19 upended the 'lipstick alphabetize'". The Guardian. 18 Dec 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.

Sources [edit]

• Angeloglou, Maggie (1970). The History of Make-up. London, U.k.: Macmillan. OCLC 615683528.
• Peiss, Kathy Lee (1998). Promise in a Jar: The Making of America's Beauty Culture. Metropolitan Books. ISBN978-0-8050-5550-4.

External links [edit]

• Forsling, Yvonne. "Regency Cosmetics and Make-Upward: Looking Your All-time in 1811". Regency England 1790-1830.
• "Naked face project: Women endeavor no-makeup experiment". U.s.a. Today. 28 March 2012.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cosmetics

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